Academic
December 2024
Google Scholar listings for all academic papers citing the original paper: Polis: Scaling deliberation by mapping high dimensional opinion spaces”. (55 citations as of Jan 2025)
Academic
October 15, 2024
This paper (Pentland & Tsai) analyzes Polis “to illustrate how social science might enable design of next-generation digital media suitable for democratic deliberation, and in which generative artificial intelligence might be useful.”
Academic
April 29, 2021
The authoritative paper on Polis internals and math.
Academic
June 20, 2023
An official collaborative paper with AnthropicAI, on applying LLMs to Polis outputs and processes.
Academic
November 24, 2022
An official paper proposing modification to Twitter’s Community Notes UI to support deliberative process.
Academic
An important analysis of Euclidian spatial models of preference, such as is used by Polis in its PCA dimensional reduction methods.
Academic
September 2024
A review of Polis’ clustering-analysis summary algorithms, and comparison with two newer algorithms based on (1) computational social choice theory or (2) abstract argumentation theory. An important analysis of Euclidian spatial models of preference, such as is used by Polis in its PCA dimensional reduction methods.
Academic
December 1997
The original paper describing expectation-maximization PCA (EMPCA), which is the incremental PCA algorithm that Polis uses to update its sparse matrix in a computationally efficient way as new vvotes come in. The Polis paper refers to EMPCA as the “power iteration method” of PCA.
Academic
October 2023
A paper prominently featuring Polis as a major example. The authors’ scholarship have been key in supporting consensus-based systems to be integrated into platforms like Twitter’s Community Notes.
Academic
August 2024
A paper discussing constraints and considerations of what Polis calls “comment routing”, or the order in which statements are presented to users in a fair way.
Academic
May 2024
Using Polis datasets to propose automated content moderation pipelines via LLM reasoning. Argument maps are also generated from the data.
Academic
December 2024
Paper reflecting on implications of LLMs on democracy, including discussion and participation from experts in deliberation tools like Polis.
Academic
December 2022
This graudate studies project seemingly attempts to determine if consensus is created over the course of a long-lived Polis conversation.
Academic
June 2024
A paper that leaned highly on Polis to help public input shape a constitution that would direct AI responses.
Academic
November 2023
An implementation of methods beneficial to vote prediction, a known opportunity for extending Polis into “virtual democracies”.
Academic
August 2024
A DARPA-funded winner of the Best Paper Award at the 4th International Workshop on Democracy and AI. This paper “introduces a unique approach to visualizing opinion data gathered from the Polis online platform in which LLMs are used to generate positions and structure the data into argument maps.”
Academic
January 15, 2025
This paper offers an analysis of two software programmes specifically designed to facilitate high-quality online deliberation – Decidim and Polis.
Academic
August 2023
This paper offers a Polis-based metholodology from writing a manifesto in a collective fashion.
Academic
May 2021
A paper on vTaiwan that discusses the user experience of Polis, including some developer interviews and discussion of gameification of the interface.
Academic
December 2024
This paper used a remodeled version of Polis (see “Tolerance Carousel” entry) to try to redress and combat toxic polarization, and found it contributed to productive polarization and creative relating.